Law in the light Of Three cases Essay Example for Free

Law in the light Of Three cases Essay Framing his arguments on the conception of the â€Å"original understanding† as basis, Bork argues that this theory is the best and sole method which can be utilized in order to resolve and reconcile the perceived conflict that exists between what he calls as the â€Å"Madisonian† or â€Å"counter-majoritarian† dilemma. This problem primarily concerns the judiciary of creating law bereft of popular approval or consultation. The reconciliation between the two opposing poles according to Bork can be further resolved through the guidance not only of the basic functions of the branches of the government but, far more importantly, also of the Framer’s original understanding of the Constitution of the United States of America. Bork emphasizes that it is not essentially the role of the courts to legislate or create laws from where they are primarily positioned and that the court’s primary duty is to adjudicate. Moreover, he also argues that the courts should not only practice restraint in arriving at legal decisions over cases but that they should also make manifest of â€Å"neutral principles† quite apart from ad hoc pronouncements or subjective valuations or judgments which Bork sees as insufficient. In essence, the theory of originalism within the scopes of the constitutional interpretation by the U. S. is a conjuncture or a family of theories that reinforces the perception that the Constitution has an unchanging, hence fixed, and comprehensible meaning right at its establishment or the time of its ratification. It is also a theory of law that is formalist in nature and is closely related with the theory of textualism. The theory of originalism is currently popular among the political conservatives of the United States political system that is directly intertwined with Robert Bork as well as Clarence Thomas and Antonin Scalia although there are also quite a number of liberals who support and make use of the arguments being put forward by the theory of originalism. For the most part, originalism is conceived as a family of theories whereby a set of interpretations, though separated by fine distinctions, are nevertheless held together by their theoretical and argumentative support for originalism. The theory of original intent suggests that originalism is the view that argues that the interpretation of a written constitution is held to be firmly aligned with the primary intentions of those who drafted and approved its legality. This interpretation based on original intent has so often been used to disapprove unpopular groups such as gays and blacks during the middle parts of the twentieth century from acquiring civil liberties. The reason to this is that the original intent of the authors or the â€Å"founders† of the constitution did not practically intend explicitly or implicitly either for gays or for blacks to be duly given with the same rights that white males enjoy. On the other hand, closely related to textualism is the notion of the â€Å"original meaning† which holds that the precise and rightful interpretation of the constitution should be entirely founded on what the ordinary meaning of the written texts in the constitution would have been during the year or the time when it was drafted and ratified. Although these interpretations of the theory of originalism may not necessarily come into full agreement on the use of the terms expressed in the constitution, they nevertheless share the same view that there is an authority that exists with the ratification of the constitution that should serve as the backbone in extracting the meaning of the constitution. The very distinctions correspond to the intentions of the authors, the plain meaning of the written texts in the constitution, and the comprehension of those who authored the constitution or those who ratified it. Paul Brest held contradicting arguments to those that are being proposed in the context of originalism. Brest maintains that the theory of originalism is itself unworkable for the reason that it is practically not feasible to identify and aggregate the intentions of the framers of the constitution whose numbers come in multitudes. He further maintains that the arguments being put forward by originalism is difficult to be pursued and be delegated to current issues that beset the legal system. Frederick Schauer, as a proponent of legal formalism, may very well suggest that the substance of laws is not an area of concern for the judges to delve into but is rather the function of the legislative body in a democratic government. The division between policy or normative considerations and legal reasoning, as put forward by formalism, highlights the issue revolving around the attempts of justices to determine the legal valuations of statutes. Planned Parenthood versus Casey  The constitutionality of a number of state regulations in Pennsylvania that correspond on the legal issued of abortion were put to legal test in the case of Planned Parenthood versus Casey. The Supreme Court of the United States’ lead plurality opinion maintained the right to acquire an abortion although contemporaneous to its decision is the lowering of the standards for the assessing limitations of such right which in turn nullified the validity of one regulation in favor of the upholding of the other regulations. The case in itself is divided between differing judgments among the justices and that none of the opinions of the Justices were merged or could have been merged by a majority among the justices. Moreover, the case has made clear the very substantial role of precedents in deciding the legality and outcome of the arguments in legal cases. The main precedent that has been used in the case is that of Roe v. Wade which initially recognized the right guaranteed by the U. S. Constitution to decide for and acquire an abortion as a form of liberty specifically maintained by the Fourteenth Amendment, specifically by the Due Process Clause. The course of the case posed the first challenge directed towards the court’s ruling in the case of Roe that further distinguished itself as a seminal issue in the history of the abortion rights in America. On the part of the Justices who comprised the panel that will decide the merit and outcome of the case, dissenting opinions were raised and held. Part of the arguments raised by the justices who concurred with Roe as precedent suggests that the arguments raised in the Roe case were legally substantial enough to uphold the constitutionality of the provisions set forth by the Constitution. That is, the Roe case as precedent addresses the contentions of the complainants in the manner in which prior court rulings are maintained and, hence, determine the legality of the case inasmuch as the contentions to the legal rights are provided and preserved. On the other hand, part of the panel of justices dissented on the substantiality of the constitutional provision by arguing that the Roe case, when used as a precedent in the case at hand, was incorrectly decided and, hence, cannot be considered in extracting the necessary legal remedy in the case of Planned Parenthood versus Casey. Rawls and the principle of fairness Central to John Rawls’ conception of justice is his treatment of the concept of justice as â€Å"fairness†. From this main precept, Rawls continues his argument by expounding on the circumstances that will give rise to these fair conditions. Before centering one’s attention on these circumstances, it must be noted that Rawls primarily makes use of the veil of ignorance in determining the principles of justice that the society will eventually adopt. These first principles of justice will then serve as the basis for the legal aspects of the society such as the creation of legislative proclamations, precedents, drafting and ratification of the constitution, legal sanctions expressed in these written codes of law among many others. At the onset of the determination of the principles of justice, Rawls suggests that the members of the society will convene in order to determine which principles are to be accepted as the first principles. The convention of the individuals is made on equal on grounds on several bases. First is that the individuals will be deprived of general knowledge on matters which will allow them to obtain a relative advantage over other people in the convention. This limiting of knowledge is met through the hypothetical veil of ignorance that serves as the â€Å"veil† which strains out specific knowledge among them. The specific types of knowledge Rawls refers to are those that revolve around the context of the age, race and social status among many others. The knowledge of these specific factors, Rawls claims, lead to an unfair advantage of some over the rest for the reason that it results to basic inequalities prior to the commencement of the convention of rational individuals. On the other hand, what must only be permitted are general knowledge such as the knowledge that the principles that the convention of individuals will eventually agree on will automatically subject these people to the scopes and limitations set forth in these principles and other sets of principles that can be derived from them. Eventually, the individuals in the convention will agree on the first principles of justice they are able to decide. Conversely, this is the crucial part whereby fairness is met. Fairness here is taken to mean that the first principles were derived under fair conditions to the individuals and that the principles, consequently, are fair as well. From this, it is claimed that the moral obligations that are to be extracted from the principles of justice are those that the individuals will not disagree on for reasons of injustice or unfairness. The reason behind this is that the veil of ignorance guarantees fair conditions in arriving at fair principles thereby ensuing that the individuals will not go against the provisions of the law derived from the first principles. John Simmons, on the other hand, maintains that there is apparently the non-existence of any strong moral duty towards the law of any given society or state. Moreover, Simmons argues that moral obedience towards the constitution or the law in general barely amounts to the premise that even in a just or orderly state only some natural duty and not all brings justification of compliance to the law. Further, Simmons analyzes and determines that Rawls’ conception of a natural duty of justice (all must build and maintain just institutional arrangements) as a justification for the natural duty to obey the law is inadequate to bring about a strong moral duty towards the law. The arguments of Rawls primarily fail for the reason that Rawls is unable in thoroughly explaining the reason behind why even just institutions in the domestic arena ought to acquire privileged moral authority over individuals in the state. Conversely, it should be noted that if indeed there is the existence of natural duty towards justice, then the question remains as to why this duty would have to arrive at the fences of every state or nation.

The Lincoln Memorial

The Lincoln Memorial THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL The Lincoln Memorial is a ceremonious monument located in Washington, D.C., which was built in honor of the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and of the virtues of tolerance, honesty, and constancy in the human spirit. The memorial, which was erected along the banks of River Potomac, was designed by Henry Bacon, and was inspired by the Athenian Parthenon. The Lincoln Memorial is comprised of thirty six columns made of Colorado marble. Each column, which is 13.4 metres or 44 feet high, represents a state in the Union in 1865 (the time of the death of Lincoln). Listed above the colonnade are the names of the forty eight neighboring states and the dates of their Union admission, which are carved in Roman numerals. The names of Hawaii and Alaska have been engraved on a plaque on the front steps, as they received statehood a few decades after the completion of the Lincoln Memorial. In the interior of the monument is a seated statue of Abraham Lincoln built out of Georgia white marble, which is 5.8 metres or 19 feet tall. This statue is laid on a pedestal constructed out of Tennessee marble, and its twenty eight parts were put together at the site itself. The design of the statue was by Daniel Chester French and the carving was done by the Piccirilli brothers from New York. Lincolns Gettysburg address is engraved on the southern wall of the monument, while Lincolns second inaugural address is engraved on the northern wall. There are two pieces of painted artwork by Jules Guerin on the ceiling- Emanicipation of a Race and Reunion and Progress. The Lincoln Memorial is also the terminal to the western border of the National Mall. It is located on the Reflecting Pool close to the Korean War Veterans Memorial as well as the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The Lincoln Memorial is a significant symbol of the civil rights movement of America. On the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation (1963), Martin Luther King, Jr., a civil rights leader, stood at the steps of the Lincoln Memorial and delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech in the presence of over 200,000 people. The message of the Lincoln Memorial In this temple, as in the hearts of the people for whom he saved the Union, the memory of Abraham Lincoln is enshrined forever. VISITOR ORIGINS: Tourists from all around the world hope to capture a piece of history by taking photographs at the Lincoln Memorial due to its importance in obtaining democracy and liberty in America. Lincoln Memorial Hours: The Lincoln Memorial is open to the public at every hour of the day and every day of the year. The early evening and morning hours are the most alluring and peaceful times to visit. Accessibility: This memorial is free of charge and completely accessible by wheelchair. Bathrooms and water fountains are also available. Bike stands are located northeast of the Lincoln Memorial Foggy Bottom is the nearest Metro station and is around a 15 to 20 minute walk. The Lincoln Memorial Location The address of the Lincoln Memorial is 2 Lincoln Circle, NW, Washington, DC 20037 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT THE ON GDP: Approximately six million people visited the Lincoln Memorial in 2011, which is greater than every other local site. $204 million was brought in to the local economy and 2,075 jobs were created by those visitors. Visitors since 1936 to 2016 Year Recreation Visitors 1936 857,441 2010 6,042,315 2011 5,971,220 2012 6,191,361 2013 6,546,518 2014 7,139,072 2015 7,941,771 2016 7,915,934 Total 238,620,382 The Integrated Resource Management Applications (IRMA) Monthly Breakdown of visitation 2015 2016 January 301,952 January 280,683 February 226,005 February 273,749 March 577,003 March 693,760 April 951,157 April 859,445 May 1,076,971 May 847,936 June 820,416 June 766,101 July 880,160 July 1,020,341 August 824,768 August 832,800 September 676,651 September 660,501 October 721,995 October 663,637 November 505,653 November 558,400 December 379,040 December 458,581 Total 7,941,771 Total 7,915,934 The Integrated Resource Management Applications (IRMA) ACCOMMODATION OPTIONS: Numerous options of accomodation are available within close proximity to the memorial, including a variety of star rated hotel chains and amenities. TOURS: Special Lincoln Memorial tour packages are available, starting at $25, which also include visits to surrounding monuments, a few of which are given below. TOURIST ATTRACTIONS: Washington Monument The White House The National Mall The Vietnam Memorial The World War II Memorial Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial FUN FACTS: The image of the Lincoln Memorial is on one side of the U.S. penny and at the back of the US$5 bill. The memorial has been influenced by the Greeks as Greece is known as the birthplace of democracy. The 19th century design was very much more intricate than the completed monument. On October 15, 1966, the Memorial has been added to the National Register of Historic Places. The statue of Lincoln was initially designed to be only 10 feet tall, but the statue nearly doubled in size as the construction began. To support the weight of the marble structure, its foundation was built around 66 feet deep. Thus, approximately 40 percent of the monument is actually buried underground. REFERENCES Ermengem, K. (n.d.). Lincoln Memorial, Washington. A View On Cities. http://www.aviewoncities.com/washington/lincolnmemorial.htm. (viewed 30 Mar. 2017). Irma.nps.gov. (n.d.). U.S. Department of Interior National Park Services. https://www.nps.gov/resources/story.htm%3Fid%3D201. (viewed 30 Mar. 2017) Mentalfloss.com. (2015). 15 Monumental Facts about the Lincoln Memorial. http://mentalfloss.com/article/66932/15-monumental-facts-about-lincoln-memorial. (viewed 30 Mar. 2017).

Marketing Essay -- essays research papers

All companies compete with one another; they strive for excellence and to be the best. They have to compete with each other to win over markets and to be the one who ends up on top. Most businesses are guided by the maxim "nothing ventured, nothing gained" (Spulber 7). Winning a market requires a company to have an aggressive investment and growth. Although many companies try to keep costs down for the consumer, low costs are not always the solution for every situation. It is generally the Chief Executive officer (CEO) who formulated strategies to connect markets. The CEO has to have the ability to for see the future of the company in order to make intelligent decisions. Wal-Mart was founded in 1962 by Sam Walton, who wanted to make a discount department store, and ended up being extremely successful in his doings. The earnings in one year for Wal-Mart are approximately $4,430,000,000. Commonly, the winning firm is identified as the firm with the highest sales revenue. There are many winning firms including Wal-Mart for their retailing ability. Wal-Mart stores are the leading retailer with $100 billion in retail sales and is also the leader in profits with $3billion which is much higher then the company with $3 billion which is much higher then the trailing company Sears. The market value of Wal-Mart is more then three times higher then their competitors. Wal-Mart has not only been able to take over the retail market, but they continue to grow substantially. Winning markets, like Wal-Mart result from an effective strategy, a continuous innovations, and efficient organization. Companies that try to have larger firms may not be successful just because they are bigger, a successful firm, such as Wal-Mart is successful because of its marketing ability which draws customers in and in turn the customers spend money. A secret success of Wal-Mart is its indirect strategies and ways to win markets without running into high costs. Companies like Wal-Mart like to win a market by attacking the other firms weak points. When Wal-Mart is trying to find another company to engage in direct competition, they need to make sure they have a strong playing field on their part so it is an effective challenge. The primary boundary of a firm is its s... ...hod of exchange can allow an incumbent to remain a marker maker or permit an innovative entrant to bypass the incumbent to remain a market maker or permit an innovative entrant to bypass the incumbent. Intermediary competition offers the possibility of far more effective use of information. A retailer such as Wal-Mart gains a competitive advantage over the other retailer intermediaries through its well developed electronic data interchange system that allows it to pass on information about customer purchasing patterns to its suppliers. This gives Wal-Mart an edge in terms of supplier relationships and allows it to obtain favorable terms compared to competing retailers. Wal-Mart's marketing strategies have made them one of the largest companies in the world. The way they are able to compete with others gives them a competitive edge since most other companies cannot keep up with them. Wal-Mart is a very recognizable name. Seeing how they employ over four million people shop they’re for values. Since Wal-Mart is able to provide discount prices, lower then other stores, gives them the ability to pull shoppers into Wal-Mart for a large variety of items.

Giving Back To My Community :: Contribution to My Community

My plan after college is to become a Sociologist or a Social Worker. With a college degree in one of these areas, I hope to impact my community in various ways. First, with the knowledge obtained from college, I hope to counsel with young people who are on the verge of going astray. In today's society, there are so many negative factors that influence young people. I want to help them understand the importance of setting goals and striving to become productive citizens. I also want to give them a sense of hope that with perseverance, they can become great role models for other young people. Secondly, I have been a community volunteer worker for several years. Being a community volunteer has helped me to understand that by obtaining a college degree, I can help impact the lives of many homeless individuals. Recently, as a volunteer of United Methodist Metro Ministries, many of the homeless individuals were amazed that I am almost finished with high school and plan to go to college. One man that I had the opportunity of meeting saddened me because he could not even write his own name. I thought about how his life is forever impaired by his inability to read and write. Perhaps that is one reason he is economically poor. My relationships to persons such as this man have inspired me to want to continue my formal education so that I can help people who have somehow seemed to have lost their way. Also, a college degree as a Sociologist or a Social Worker will require me to become engaged in the lives of people, many who are socially, mentally and economically disadvantaged.

Blind Faith Exposed in The Victim of Aulis :: Victim of Aulis Essays

Blind Faith Exposed in The Victim of Aulis      Ã‚   During World War II, an entire race of people was decimated as a result of blind adherence to one charismatic ruler; the holocaust has become emblematic of the senseless horror of war and the loss of innocent lives. Perhaps influenced by World War II, the Korean War, and the questioning of complete adherence to authority, whose seeds were just breaking through the glorious faà §ade of the 1950's suburban idyll, Dannie Abse wrote "The Victim of Aulis" in 1951-6. The poem is an accusation against the disastrous effects of blind obedience, particularly as it is manifested in religion and war. Abse anchors his critique within the safely distant realm of Greek mythology; this creates a world with which most readers are familiar and thus transfers his indictment of modern society into the images of the cultural psyche. The poet borrows a scene from Greek mythology depicting the sacrifice of Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia to Artemis at the beginning of the Trojan War, which serves as the ultimate expression of the intimate intermingling of war and religion.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Greek gods were not only intimately involved in the action of the Trojan War, they were also the impetus for the war. Although the overt cause of the war was Paris' abduction of Helen, this act was the result of quarrelling goddesses. The Trojan prince Paris was forced to choose the fairest amongst the goddesses Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena. Each goddess attempted to sway Paris with offerings, and Aphrodite's temptation was Helen; this leads to the war and the immortal alliances that overshadow its mortal activities. The story that the poem implicitly addresses is of the Achaen king Agamemnon and his daughter Iphigenia. The Achaen forces have gathered at Aulis before mounting their attack on Troy when one of Artemis' stags is killed; this, coupled with Agamemnon's boasting of the act, is why "Artemis is offended" (51). In retaliation, the goddess imprisons the troops at Aulis by preventing the wind from powering their fleet. In order to appease the god dess and begin the war, Agamemnon sacrifices his own daughter Iphigenia as "the child" who will become "the victim of Aulis." Although Artemis intervenes and makes Iphigenia one of her priestesses, only the goddess knows that Iphigenia escaped death.

Governance Failure at Satyam

Analyzing the first aspect listed above, seems that Astray scandal originated, in first lace, due to a lack of moral and ethical standards from the company top management, as well as the board of directors, which have worsened, rather than mitigate, agency conflicts between shareholders and managers. Many were the evidences In this sense, from the bribery charges, that led to a ban from the World Bank, to the unsuccessful attempt to acquire a construction and a real state firms owned by the company promoters' relatives, in a clear sign of conflict of interests, that was originally approved by the board.In fact, if was not for the whistler's, no en knows how far they would go with the sham. Someone could argue that an exacerbated focus on short-term performance, the competitive market environment, and consequent pressure from analysts to meet market projections and maintain the company share prices overvalued, motivated the directors to start the results embezzlement process, pledging to do this to protect the firm from a potential hostile takeover.However, obviously none of these should be an excuse to neglect their duties towards various stakeholders. Besides this, it is difficult to believe that none of hose involved in the fraud did not earn any personal financial benefit, as stated by Mr.. Raja on his letter. Even that they did not have sold their stocks position, most likely their compensation package was more generous than It should have been, once misrepresented results excelled market expectations through the years.In fact, analyzing the evolution of promoters' stake in the company over the years indicates that they enriched at the cost of outside shareholders. Regarding the failures In control functions ? Internal Controls, External Audit and the Board of Directors ? we would analyze each level separately. The internal audit and other internal control functions, such as controllers and compliance, were clearly very ineffective but, despite their import ance, I will focus the analysis on the other two levels.From the external auditors' perspective, It Is difficult to understand how PWS did not raise any â€Å"red flag† with such an elementary fraud as cash balances misstatement. Any reasonable company would either invest this large cash in projects or distribute as dividends to the shareholders, instead of retaining it. Specifically this point could be easily validated through a reconciliation against a statement Independently received from the bank.This is a strong evidence, as the case suggests when highlight the increment In audit fees, they were in collusion with company management in executing the fraud. A good practice that could mitigate the risk of this happen is a mandatory external audit rotation, as determined by Serbians-Solely, Implemented In US after Enron scandal. Finally, the board of directors failed under any aspect of their fiduciary duties – loyalty, care and supervision.There are several evidences they were 1 OFF ineffectiveness of the audit committee during the years the fraud took place is one of these evidences. Another one was the prompt approval of the merger proposal without further background check. To prevent these issues, some measures such as to have audit committee composed only with independent directors, and set in place proper channels to report misconduct by anyone in the company could be implemented. Besides, the role of independent directors may be revised on a regulatory level, expanding civil and criminal liability over those.

Hinduism and Mahabharata

Reflections From The Mahabharata Jeremy Bartel The Mahabharata is one long detailed epic, it is one of the oldest books the world has. However The Mahabharata is more than just collection of verses and poems, it illustrates beliefs and religious views of this ancient society. Some of the major themes are,ethics of right and wrong,and wrestling with ones place and how to act accordingly in their caste system,and of course at the end trying to figure what our purpose is in life not just individually but universally.All of these examples suggests and leads one to believe without a doubt that the epic was written with intent of reflecting on the social, and religious beliefs at that time. So how does the Mahabharata reflect on the religious and social values of this ancient society that created it? The Mahabharata has one overarching theme that sums up the whole epic, that being the theme of fulfilling your sacred duty. This is known throughout the hindu culture as dharma, and according to their law everyone is assigned to a role within the caste system.The Mahabharata is all about achieving your sacred duty, or suffering the consequences of failing to accomplish your task. One specific example of this is when Arjuna is struggling with attacking and killing who he considers close friends and family during the war. However Krishna is there remind him that it is his dharma to carry out his role as a warrior. Most of the main characters belong to this warrior caste and all must carry out their duties of honor and bravery in accordance to that caste.This theme of dharma goes way beyond just the book but it is a main focal point in hindu religion and thinking. Which most likely why it was such a huge factor in the book, because to the people who created this book that was highest goal to achieve. During this great speech given to Arjuna by Krishna he discusses what it means to seek renunciation, and relinquishment. Krishna tells Arjuna that renunciation is â€Å"giving up those works which are prompted by desire. † Krishna also explains what is meant by relinquishment, which means â€Å"the abandonment of fruits of all works. The message he is teaching Arjuna goes back to his role or duties within his caste. Arjuna must not think that he is destroying anyone or killing them but simply sending them to heaven, because every soul is immortal and simply takes a new form. So because of this Arjuna must rise up and fulfill his Ksatriya or warrior role and destroy his enemies because that his is caste in life. These ideals are very similar to that of the hindu religion in regards of reincarnation, where a soul is immortal and does not perish but comes back to take a different form in a new caste.Evidence like this only suggests that religion was a major factor in writing this epic, and was the main themes of the hindu religion are seen as main themes throughout this composition of literature. The other major evidence that points towards this text reflecting the religious and social values of the society that created it was the question of purpose in life after the war. Once the war was over Yudhishthira, decides that he does not want to rule over this land because of all the violence and losses of men.He is saddened at the thought of so many dead he says â€Å"I caused the destruction of my kinsman and the cause of extermination of my own race. † The message of duty completing ones sacred duty is heard again, this time it is Bhima who is reassuring the king that his deeds were necessary. This idea dharma is illustrated yet again which shows just how important it is to the people who created this story. They would not have continually brought up the cultural belief of dharma if it was not an integral part of their society and religious beliefs.To seek a purification for all his sins Yudhishthira performs a sacrifice of a horse, which would purge him of all his wrongdoings. Once this ceremony was over did he go back in to the city to rule. This part of the Mahabharata is a lot like the vedas we discussed in class which was a normal practice of the people who were living in this time period. Vedas were ritual sacrifices used for reasons much like that of Yudhishthira to purify oneself and it yet again more proof that the Mahabharata reflects greatly on social and religious values of that society.Many years go by and after the death of other characters Yudhishthira embarks on an asceticism journey which after 36 years leads him to the gates of heaven. The group he began with as all perished along the way, all except his dog who makes it to the top of the mountain with him. Once at the gate he must past a series of tests, the first being he can only enter heaven if he leaves the dog. He refuses however because the dog was so faithful throughout his journey, he passes that test because the dog was the god Dharma in disguise. The next one he learns his family is in hell and he chooses to join his loved ones in hell, e passes that last test and his allowed into heaven with his loved ones. This idea of passing tests also is evidence for the case that the Mahabharata used the religious and social values of the ancient society, because in that cultural ones actions whether good or bad determined if one was to make it to heaven. Heave was also not a permanent place because of the never ending cycle of life. All of these themes and examples are solid evidence in supporting the claim that the Mahabharata was in fact very reflective of religious and social culture and values of the ancient people that wrote the epic.Time and time again there is evidence sprinkled throughout the entire book that shows the inspiration of the idea for this book, came directly from the ideas and beliefs that were held with the most regard back in those days. Which were fulfilling your dharma, and if you live within your caste system then by that nature you have done good deeds and are worthy of heaven reward . ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Narasimhan, Mahabharata,1997),124 [ 2 ]. Narasimhan, Mahabharata,1997), 124 [ 4 ]. Narasimhan, Mahabharata,1997),194 [ 3 ]. Narasimhan, Mahabharata, 1997, 190 [ 5 ]. Narasimhan, Mahabharata,1997),212